Lepidoptera are a key component of biodiversity and are recognised as important pollinators. This dataset includes 298 occurrence records of butterflies and macro-moths from the Akrotiri peninsula, Cyprus (Sovereign Base Area of Akrotiri and Dekelia). In total, 143 species of Lepidopteran were recorded, including two endemic butterfly species Hipparchia cypriensis (Holik, 1949) and Maniola cypricola (Graves, 1928), as well as five endemic macro-moth species Agrotis sabine Brandstetter, 2010, Ammoconia aholai Fibiger, 1996, Dyscia simplicaria Rebel, 1939, Eumannia arenbergeri Hausmann, 1995, and Selidosema tamsi Rebel, 1939. Euplagia quadripunctaria (Poda, 1761), a priority and Annex II species of the Habitats Directive was sampled within the designated Special Area of Conservation of Akrotiri peninsula. Butterflies were recorded using the line transect method, and moths were sampled using light traps, allowing the creation of an inventory of the Lepidoptera fauna of this ecologically important and biodiversity rich site.